Surface-confined electropolymerization of pyronin Y in the graphene composite paper structure for the amperometric determination of dopamine

Surface-confined electropolymerization allowed us to easily prepare homogeneous polymer composite paper structures. The fabrication of freestanding graphene (Gr)-based composite electrodes is very important for many modular approaches in electrochemical applications, such as fuel cells, supercapacitors, and sensors. A Gr composite paper electrode doped with polymeric films of pyronin Y was fabricated by two repetitive simple applications: vacuum filtration and surface-confined electropolymerization. The characterization of this composite paper was done with scanning tunneling microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, UV-visible absorption spectroscopy, four-point probe conductivity measurement, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The freestanding composite paper demonstrated good electrocatalytic activity for the electrooxidation of dopamine; this indicated that this composite paper could be used for the amperometric quantification of dopamine in real samples. (C) 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.