The protective effects of selenium and boron on cyclophosphamide-induced hepatic oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in rats

Cyclophosphamide (CP) is an alkylating anticancer drug with broad clinical application that is highly effective in the treatment of cancer and non-malignant diseases. However, the main limiting effect of CP is multi-organ toxicity due to damage to normal tissues. The aim of this study is to compare the hepatoprotective potential of selenium (Se) and boron (B) in CP-induced liver injury in experimental rats. The rats were randomly divided into six equal groups: Control (saline), 200 mg/kg CP (administered once on the fourth day of the experiment), 1.5 mg/kg Se (administered once/time daily for 6 days), 20 mg/kg B (administered once/time daily for 6 days), Se + CP and B + CP administered intraperitoneally (i.p.). Administration of CP leads to an increase in the levels of apoptotic markers (Bax, caspase-3), the apoptotic signaling pathway (Nrf2), oxidative stress indicators (TOS, OSI), lipid peroxidation markers (MPO, MDA), inflammation levels (NF-kB, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL -6), liver function markers (ALT, AST, ALP), while apoptosis markers (Bcl-2), apoptosis pathway (Keap-1), oxidative stress indicator (TAS), inflammation (IL -10) and intracellular antioxidant defense system (SOD, CAT, GPx and GSH) decreased. In addition, degeneration of hepatocytes and congestion in the central veins were observed. In contrast, in the groups administered Se and B with CP, the changes that occurred were reversed. However, it was found that Se protects the liver slightly better against CP damage than B. The protective effect of Se and B against the toxic effects of CP on the antioxidant markers SOD, CAT and GPx1 was also investigated in silico. The in silico results were consistent with the in vivo results for SOD and CAT, but not for GPx1.