Green Nanotechnology in Action and Magnetic and Hybrid BioNanocomposites for Recyclable Fuel Desulfurization

This chapter explores magnetic and hybrid bionanocomposites as a novel class of recyclable, eco- friendly materials for green fuel desulfurization. It covers the structural and functional engineering of bio- based core–shell frameworks and the incorporation of magnetic cores (for example, Fe3O3) into biogenic supports such as biochar, cellulose, or graphene oxide. These materials demonstrate superior efficiencies in both adsorptive and oxidative desulfurization under mild conditions, making them suitable for the removal of refractory sulfur compounds. The chapter also discusses green synthesis methods, magnetic separation, and reusability of materials over multiple cycles. Environmental and safety considerations are addressed from a life cycle sustainability perspective, including biodegradability, toxicity, and waste management. In addition, this chapter analyses the challenges and scalability of economic and process integration.