APOPTOSIS; PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH

ABSTRACT

Apoptosis occurs during development, aging, and as a homeostatic mechanism for

maintaining cell populations in tissues. Apoptosis also occurs as a defense mechanism or when cells are

damaged by harmful substances. There is a group of proteins that control apoptosis. These include the

Bcl-2 proteins, the tumor suppressor protein p53, the Apoptosis Dec Inhibitor (IAP) Family Genes. The

cell receiving apoptotic signals is disconnected from the surrounding tissues and its microvilli are lost.

There is a constriction of the cell membrane. In electron microscopy studies, it has been observed that

bud-shaped structures occur. These bud-shaped structures are called "zeiosis". Normally,

phosphatidylserine, which is located in the inner part of the cell membrane, exits to the outer part of the

membrane. As a result of the binding of vitronectin and lectin receptors located in phagocytosing cells

with phosphatidylserine, phagocytosis is stimulated. In the researches, it has been observed that there

are 2 main apoptotic pathways. These are the extrinsic pathway and the intrinsic pathway. Apart from

these two ways, there is also a perforin granzyme pathway. The fact that apoptosis occurs more than

usual leads to degenerative diseases and the fact that it occurs less than necessary is associated with

proliferative diseases. The aim of this literature review is to discuss the homeostatic effect mechanism

of apoptosis, the formation of apoptosis in cells, and its positive effects in the treatment of diseases.

Keywords: Apoptosis, Bcl-2, p53, Zeiosis.