Green synthesis of a β-cyclodextrin metal-organic framework carrier to enhance the biocompatibility and antibacterial activity of 4-hydroxyben-zoxazole-2(3H)-thioketone derived from Acanthus ilicifolius linnaeus

This study hypothesizes that integrating (3-cyclodextrin into a metal-organic framework ((3-CD-MOF) structure can yield a biocompatible, high-efficiency carrier with enhanced physicochemical properties suitable for pH-responsive drug delivery. (3-CD-MOF was synthesized via an ultrasound-assisted route and optimized through Box-Behnken response surface methodology to maximize yield and structural performance. The solvent volume and reaction temperature were identified as significant variables, with an optimal yield of 82.39 % achieved at a molar ratio of 8:1, 20 mL of solvent, and 60 degrees C. Characterization via SEM, FTIR, XRD, and N2adsorp-tion-desorption isotherms confirmed the successful formation of a lamellar structure with a high surface area (332.13 m2/g), which slightly decreased to 247.07 m2/g after the encapsulation of 2-hydroxybenzothiazole (HBOT). In vitro release studies revealed pH-dependent kinetics: first-order diffusion prevailed at pH 2 (R2 = 0.977), whereas non-Fick transport, modeled by the Ritger-Peppas equation (R2 = 0.97, n = 0.70), dominated at pH 7 owing to combined swelling and diffusion mechanisms. The HBOT/(3-CD-MOF composite demonstrated superior antibacterial performance against Shigella flexneri and Escherichia coli, achieving an inhibition zone of 21.54 +/- 0.43 mm, outperforming free HBOT by leveraging sustained drug release. Cytotoxicity assessments via CCK-8 assays confirmed high biocompatibility, with over 103 % cell viability at 800 mu g/mL. Overall, this work presents a scalable, environmentally friendly approach to developing multifunctional MOF-based carriers with responsive release profiles, offering promising potential for safer, longer-acting, and more targeted antibacterial therapies.