Perspective on green synthesis of RP-Pd/AC NPs: characterization, embryonic and neuronal toxicity assessment

Due to the disadvantages of conventional chemical methods, the green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles has attracted great attention in recent years. In the present study, for the synthesis of palladium nanoparticles, green synthesis nanoparticle protocol, which consists of plant extracts with reducing and capping agents, was used. RP-Pd/AC NPs were obtained by treating activated carbon source Chenopodium album (CA) and PdCl2 materials with Rumex patientia (RP) leaf plant extract as reducing and capping agent. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopic devices were used to determine the crystal phase amount, particle size and internal structure of biogenic based synthesized RP-Pd/AC nanoparticles. Toxicological data of RP-Pd/AC NPs were acutely monitored in zebrafish embryo/larvae with some complementary tests (LC50, survival rate, hatching rate, embryo morphological changes, GFAP, 8-OHdG and histopathologic analyses). The obtained results in the analyses for RP-Pd/AC NPs can be summarized as follows: 1. Average NP size was 77.98 nm, 2. LC50 values of zebrafish embryos was found as 139.50 mg/L at 96 h, 3. survival rate in embryos and larvae decreased with increasing dose, 4. low dose (10 mg/L) nanoparticles treated larvae achieved 100% chorion hatching at 96th hour as in the control group, 5. In 10 mg/L group, a mild 8-OHdG expression was detected in neutrophils, and mild GFAP expression was detected in astrocytes 100 mg/L group; however, severe 8-OHdG expression was observed in neutrophils, and severe GFAP expression in astrocytes. In the light of these data, it was concluded that environmentally friendly obtained RP-Pd/AC NPs could be a promising new alternative in different fields.