Determination of Propagation Constants and Wave Impedance of Non-Reciprocal Networks From Position-Insensitive Waveguide Measurements

A microwave method is proposed to determine the forward and backward propagation constants (gamma ⁺ and gamma ⁻) and the wave impedance ( $z_{w}$ ) of reciprocal and non-reciprocal microwave networks whose positions are not known within their measurement cells (position-insensitive). The proposed method relies purely on analytical expressions and can also evaluate the reference plane transformation distances. Scattering parameter measurements at the X-band (8.2-12.4 GHz) of a reciprocal network (a waveguide straight) and a non-reciprocal network (a microwave phase shifter) arbitrarily positioned into their measurement cells were conducted to retrieve gamma ⁺, gamma ⁻, and $z_{w}$ for validation of our method and testing its position-insensitive property. The importance of the method becomes apparent when compared to conventional methods whose accuracy is based on precise determination of the reference planes.