Phytochemical and Bioactivity Insights Into Glaucosciadium cordifolium (Apiaceae): Evaluation of Antioxidant Potential, and GC–MS, FTIR and Docking-Based Enzyme Inhibition

Glaucosciadium cordifolium (Apiaceae) is an Anatolian aromatic traditionally used as a remedy. This study compared extraction yields, chemical profiles, bioactivities, and in-silico pharmacology across organs and solvents. Aqueous extraction was most efficient for flowering aerial parts and roots, whereas methanol favored fruits. Hydrodistillation yielded 0.2% essential oil rich in α-pinene (27.3%) and limonene (27.6%); GC–MS identified 51 constituents. FTIR confirmed phenolic, carbohydrate, and lipid functionalities in the extracts. Biologically, the essential oil showed the strongest α-amylase inhibition, while root extracts showed weak to moderate cholinesterase inhibition. Methanolic fruit and root extracts exhibited the highest ABTS•+ scavenging. Docking analysis suggested potential interactions of germacrene D, β-caryophyllene, and carvacrol as key ligands interacting with catalytic residues. ADME/Tox predictions indicated carvacrol and terpinen-4-ol as more orally bioavailable and safer, whereas germacrene D and β-caryophyllene showed lower solubility and higher risk. Overall, G. cordifolium displays moderate antidiabetic, anticholinesterase, and antioxidant potential.