Globalisation in-Between Homogenisation and Heterogenisation: An Institutionalist Analysis on Türkiye

While neoliberal globalisation exerts both homogenising and heterogenising forces on a global scale, an excessive emphasis on its homogenising effects can lead to overly optimistic and unrealistic future projections. This study, instead, directs its focus towards the heterogenising impact of neoliberal principles and norms on T & uuml;rkiye through an institutionalist lens. Beginning with a historical analysis and subsequently conducting an empirical examination using World Values Survey (WVS) data, the research reveals that the divergent evolution of T & uuml;rkiye and the West created structural differentiation preventing T & uuml;rkiye's homogeneous integration into the West. A process tracing analysis spanning from 1990 to 2017 further demonstrates that T & uuml;rkiye's historically evolved social institutions exhibit resilience against the pressures of neoliberal change, despite its widespread diffusion throughout the country since 1980. As a result, this paper posits that heterogenisation and its inherent unpredictability are destined to shape the future global landscape, challenging the optimistic assumptions of pro-globalisation advocates.