Article 2023 · 8 citations

Potential toxic phthalates and heavy metals contamination in vinegars and human health risk assessment

Abstract

Phthalate acid esters (PAEs) and heavy metals (HMs) are well-known contaminants due to their toxic effects on human health. Daily food consumption is one of the critical ways of exposure to these contaminants for the human population. In this study, residue profiles and levels for eight phthalate esters and four heavy metals were evaluated in polyethylene terephthalate and glass bottled vinegars from the Turkish market. PAEs and HMs were quantified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Packaging polymers were characterized by attenuated total reflection-fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR/FT-IR) spectroscopy. Furthermore, non-carcinogenic health risk assess-ment was performed based on regular vinegar consumers' daily oral intake rates. Principal component analysis was carried out to evaluate and distinguish between types of vinegar samples. Bottle type, pH, and electrical conductivity values were effective parameters, to some extent, on PAEs and HMs contents of vinegar samples. The concentration ranges were <LOD-22.8 and 0.02-970 & mu;g L-1 PAEs and HMs, respectively. Dimethyl phthalate (DMP) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) were the most abundant PAEs, while aluminum (Al) was the predominant HMs. Butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), diisononyl phthalate (DiNP), diisodecyl phthalate (DiDP), di(n-octyl) phthalate (DnOP), and inorganic mercury (iHg) were not detected in any sample. Non-carcinogenic risk assessment associated with vinegar consumption showed that the exposure to PAEs (ranging between 2.82 x10-6 and 4.07 x10- 4 & mu;g/kg bw day-1) and HMs (ranging between 2.06 x10-5 and 5.24 x10-2 & mu;g/kg bw day-1) were well below the permissible limits. The findings showed that the levels of PAEs and HMs exposed through commercial vinegars were not significant enough to pose a health risk among individuals aged 18-65.

Keywords

Heavy metal Phthalate Vinegar Health risk assessment Migration Oral exposure Hazard index CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY CHRONIC ARSENIC EXPOSURE DIETARY EXPOSURE DRINKING-WATER SKIN-LESIONS ACID-ESTERS BISPHENOL-A FOOD ANTIMONY METABOLITES

WoS Categories

Chemistry, Applied Food Science & Technology

Sustainable Development Goals

Good Health and Well-being

Citation

Journal: JOURNAL OF FOOD COMPOSITION AND ANALYSIS
Year: 2023
Volume: 122
ISSN: 0889-1575
eISSN: 1096-0481
DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2023.105491
WoS UID: WOS:001039651500001

Open via DOI