Predictive mathematical modeling of biomechanical behavior in all-on-4 implants design: effects of distal implant and occlusal load angulation using RSM based on FEA

This study presents a predictive biomechanical modeling approach for optimizing distal implant placement in the All-on-4 treatment concept, with a focus on implant angulation and occlusal load direction. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) was integrated with Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to develop 15 simulation models based on a Central Composite Design, incorporating distal implant angulations of 15 degrees, 30 degrees, and 45 degrees, and occlusal load directions in both sagittal and frontal planes (45 degrees, 67.5 degrees, and 90 degrees). The maximum von Mises stress in cortical bone was selected as the response variable. Regression analysis revealed that the frontal load angle had the most significant effect on stress distribution, followed by implant angulation. The resulting second-order predictive model demonstrated a strong statistical fit (R2 = 93.39%, adjusted R2 = 81.49%). The lowest cortical stress (95.75 MPa) occurred at 15 degrees implant angulation with 45 degrees occlusal loading in both planes, whereas the highest stress (265.72 MPa) was recorded at 45 degrees angulation with 90 degrees frontal loading. Although reducing implant tilt generally decreases peri-implant stress, no universally optimal angle can be defined due to variability in biomechanical responses under different occlusal loading conditions. Clinically, optimizing cusp inclination and load direction in conjunction with implant positioning may enhance the biomechanical performance and long-term success of full-arch implant-supported prostheses.

Journal

FRONTIERS IN BIOENGINEERING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY

Year

2025

Volume

13

ISSN

2296-4185

DOI

10.3389/fbioe.2025.1644776

WoS UID

WOS:001563582100001